The causes of drug abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The causes of drug abuse - Essay Example al abuse, and emotional abuse/neglect in childhood, is a significant risk factor for many psychiatric disorders later in life, such as substance abuse†(Wang et al., p.1). Bitter life experiences are the major motivating factor for drug abuse. It is not necessary that a person starts drug abuse immediately after he suffers a painful experience. In many cases, bitter childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, lack of parental care etc can generate drug abuse like antisocial behaviors later in the life of a person. Physical as well as psychological problems can cause drug abuse. People with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV, etc quite often take shelter in drug abuse to forget about the physical and mental pain caused by their diseases. Strained relationships and destruction of love affairs or dating relationships can also cause drug abuse like behavioral problems. Some people believe that drug uses can stimulate sexual energy. People, who are sexually impotent, often try to make use of drugs to improve their sexual energy or capabilities. Narcotic drugs create good feelings. There is the initial euphoric sensation that comes with taking the drug, and then there is the secondary effect associated with the type of drug used. If it is a stimulant, the initial euphoria is followed by inflated feelings of self-confidence and abundant energy; if it is a depressant, then the initial euphoria is followed by satisfaction and relaxation† (Ho). Unemployment, poverty and lack of living standards etc are other reasons for drug abuse. Nobody likes to lead a life in poverty. Everybody wants to lead a lavish life. Failure to get proper employment or raising the living standard often generates frustrations in the minds of the people. These frustrations often lead them towards drug abuse like behaviors. Improper knowledge about certain medicines or drugs often causes drug abuse. For example, marijuana is a controversial drug because of the arguments in favor and against it

Impact National Culture on Leadership Traits and Behaviors Essay

Impact National Culture on Leadership Traits and Behaviors - Essay Example The following are the leadership traits and behaviors that may negatively impact organizational effectiveness in multinational companies: dictatorial, non-cooperative, non-explicit, irritable, egocentric, cruel/ruthless and loner. A dictatorial leader imposes strict commands and orders without leaving any space for dialogue or understanding (Hofstede, 2011). A non-cooperative leader is one who does not show elements of teamwork or support in the company activities. A non-explicit leader is not open but prefers carrying out his or her roles confidentially (Hofstede, 2011). He or she prefers when everything is kept back from the rest of the members, especially subordinates. Irritable leaders are short-tempered and are associated with recurrent instances of disputes and unreasonable ways of thinking. According to Hofstede (2011), egocentric leaders are careless of the feelings of others and are associated with self-centered and insensitive decisions, which leave other people socially hu rt and distressed. Cruel/ruthless leaders are unpleasant and unkind management groups who lead others mercilessly and at times brutally. A loner is a leader who prefers being secluded from the rest of the members. Additionally, loners mostly fail to associate with others (Hofstede, 2011). Yes, I believe that multinational managers must understand the subordinate expectations in order to lead effectively. Subordinate expectations are â€Å"expectations regarding what leaders â€Å"should† do and what they may or may not do† (Cullen & Parboteeah (2014, p. 663). Therefore, understanding subordinate expectations help in delivering exactly what is required in a multinational company. For a country with high power distance, I would recommend an autocratic leadership. High power distance countries are associated with dominant individualism and human rights.  Ã‚